Management of buffer capacity for video recording and time shift operations

ABSTRACT

A system manages the allocation and storage of media content instance files in a storage device of a media client device. In one embodiment among others, the system includes logic for processing successive portions of received media content instances and storing received media content instances in the storage device as respective media content instance files; and a processor configured with the logic to track the size of media content instance files to provide an indication of available free space, such that the indication is independent of a first buffer space in the storage device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/010,270 filed on Dec. 6, 2001, which is entirelyincorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is generally related to television systems, and,more particularly, is related to a system and method for maintaining atime shift buffer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

With recent advances in digital transmission technology, subscribertelevision systems are now capable of providing much more than thetraditional analog broadcast video. In implementing enhancedprogramming, the home communication terminal device (“HCT”), otherwiseknown as the set-top box, has become an important computing device foraccessing media content services (and media content within thoseservices) and navigating a user through a maze of available services. Inaddition to supporting traditional analog broadcast video functionality,digital HCTs (or “DHCTs”) now also support an increasing number oftwo-way digital services such as video-on-demand and personal videorecording.

Typically, a DHCT is connected to a cable or satellite, or generally, asubscriber television system, and includes hardware and softwarenecessary to provide the functionality of the digital television systemat the user's site. Preferably, some of the software executed by a DHCTis downloaded and/or updated via the subscriber television system. EachDHCT also typically includes a processor, communication components, andmemory, and is connected to a television or other display device, suchas a personal computer. While many conventional DHCTs are stand-alonedevices that are externally connected to a television, a DHCT and/or itsfunctionality may be integrated into a television or personal computeror even an audio device such as a programmable radio, as will beappreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.

DHCTs are typically capable of providing users with a very large numberand variety of media content choices. As the number of available mediacontent choices increases, viewing conflicts arise whereby the user mustchoose between watching two or more media content instances (e.g.discrete, individual instances of media content such as, for anon-limiting example, a particular television show or “program”), all ofwhich the user would like to view. Further, because of the large numberof viewing choices, the user may miss viewing opportunities. Bufferingof media content instances in memory, or more recently, in storagedevices (e.g. hard disk drives) coupled to the DHCT, has provided somerelief from the conflict in viewing choices. However, current bufferingmechanisms for personal video recording are confusing to the user, andinefficient. Therefore, there exists a need to make it easier and moreconvenient for users to view a plurality of desirable media contentinstances.

Thus, a heretofore unaddressed need exists in the industry to addressthe aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The preferred embodiments of the invention can be better understood withreference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings arenot necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearlyillustrating the principles of the present invention. Moreover, in thedrawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding partsthroughout the several views.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an example subscriber television system inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1B shows a block diagram of the transmission signals supported bythe subscriber television system of FIG. 1A, and input into the DHCTfrom the headend, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example headend as depicted in FIG. 1Aand related equipment, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an example DHCT as depicted in FIG. 1A andrelated equipment, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram of an example hard disk and hard diskelements located within the storage device coupled to the DHCT depictedin FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3C is a block diagram of an example file allocation table found ina hard disk sector as depicted in FIG. 3B.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustration of media content instance filesin a time shift buffer, with a live point of 9:15, in accordance withone embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustration of media content instance filesin the time shift buffer, where the current media content instancedownload causes the automatic deletion of the earliest temporary mediacontent instance file based on approximately exceeding buffer capacity,in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustration of media content instance filesin the time shift buffer, with an example of a new media contentinstance starting at 10:00, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustration of media content instance filesin the time shift buffer, wherein the user decides to convert an earliermedia content instance from temporary to permanent recorded status, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustration of media content instance filesin the time shift buffer, demonstrating that the permanently recordedmedia content instance of FIG. 7 is not deleted due to its permanentrecording status when buffer capacity is approximately exceeded, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustration of media content instance filesin the time shift buffer wherein the earliest temporary media contentinstance is removed to make room for a new media content instance whenbuffer capacity is approximately exceeded, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10A is a programming diagram of example software programming codein conventional “C” computer language for keeping a data record for amanagement file associated with audio/video media content instance filestored in the time shift buffer, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 10B is a programming diagram of example software programming codein conventional “C” computer language for providing a linked managementfile for each media content instance file in the time shift buffer, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram representing a hard disk divided into a timeshift buffer and non buffer space, with the time shift buffer comprisingseveral media content instances, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating how the hard disk space depictedin FIG. 11 is effected by the PVR application for a scheduled permanentrecording, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating how the hard disk space depictedin FIG. 11 is effected by the PVR application for permanent recordingsout of the time shift buffer, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating how a cluster group in the harddisk space depicted in FIG. 13 is allocated as non buffer space inresponse to the PVR application effecting a permanent recording out ofthe time shift buffer, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating how the media content instancecluster group as depicted in the hard disk space of FIG. 14 becomesallocated as non buffer space while an equivalent amount of free spaceis allocated as buffer space, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of an example remote control device toprovide input to the DHCT 16 illustrated in FIG. 3A, in accordance withone embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17A is a screen diagram of an example screen display barker, withconsistent free space indication, that can be overlaid on the display ofa currently viewed media content instance after the permanent recordingsequence has begun for a scheduled permanent recording, in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17B is an example screen display barker, with consistent free spaceindication, that can be overlaid on the display of a currently viewedmedia content instance after the permanent recording sequence has begunfor a manual permanent recording, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 18 is a screen diagram of an example confirm recording screendisplay, with consistent free space indication, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 19 is a screen diagram of an example recorded programs list screendisplay, with consistent free space indication, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 20 is a screen diagram of an example user interface screen displaydepicting a progress bar for the most recent media content instanceafter rewinding and then pausing, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 21 is a screen diagram of an example user interface screen displaydepicting the progress bar for a media content instance buffered intothe time shift buffer before the media content instance display depictedin FIG. 20 and after rewinding it 30 minutes or the whole media contentinstance length, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 22 is a screen diagram of an example user interface screen displaydepicting the progress bar for a media content instance buffered intothe time shift buffer before the media content instance referenced inFIG. 21, where no rewinding of this media content instance has occurred,in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiments of the invention now will be described morefully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in whichpreferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may,however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construedas limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, theseembodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to thosehaving ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, all “examples” givenherein are intended to be non-limiting and among others.

One embodiment of the present invention is generally implemented as partof a subscriber television system such as a digital broadband deliverysystem (DBDS) or cable television system (CTS). For example, asubscriber television system (STS) and its operation will be describedinitially, with the understanding that other conventional data deliverysystems are within the scope of the preferred embodiments of the presentinvention. FIG. 1A shows a block diagram view of a subscriber televisionsystem (STS) 10, which is generally a high quality, reliable andintegrated network system that is preferably capable of deliveringvideo, audio, voice and data services to digital home communicationterminals (DHCTs) 16. Although FIG. 1A depicts a high level view of aCTS 10, it should be appreciated that a plurality of subscribertelevision systems can tie together a plurality of regional networksinto an integrated global network so that DHCT users can receive mediacontent provided from anywhere in the world.

Further, it will be appreciated that the STS 10 shown in FIG. 1A ismerely illustrative and should not be construed as implying anylimitations upon the scope of the preferred embodiments of the presentinvention. For instance, subscriber television systems also includedwithin the scope of the preferred embodiments of the invention includesystems not utilizing physical structured cabling for transmission, suchas, but not limited to, satellite systems. Further, transmission mediaincluded within the scope of the preferred embodiments of the inventioninclude, but are not limited to, hybrid fiber/coax (HFC), optical,satellite, radio frequency (RF), frequency modulated (FM), andmicrowave. Further, data provided from the headend 11 to the DHCTs 16and programming necessary to perform the functions discussed below willbe understood to be present in the STS 10, in accordance with thedescription below.

The STS 10 preferably delivers broadcast video signals as digitallyformatted signals in addition to delivering traditional broadcast analogvideo signals. Furthermore, the system can preferably support one waybroadcast services as well as both one-way data services and two-waymedia content and data services. The two-way operation of the networkpreferably allows for user interactivity with services, such asPay-Per-View programming, Near Video-On-Demand (NVOD) programmingaccording to any of several known NVOD implementation methods,View-on-Demand (VOD) programming (according to any of several VODimplementation methods), and interactive applications, such as Internetconnections.

The STS 10 also provides the interfaces, network control, transportcontrol, session control, and servers to access media content from mediacontent services, and distributes media content to DHCT users. As shownin FIG. 1A, a typical STS 10 comprises a head end 11, hubs 12, an HFCaccess network 17, and DHCTs 16. It should be appreciated that althougha single component (e.g. a head end) is illustrated in FIG. 1A, a STS 10can feature a plurality of any one of the illustrated components or maybe configured with alternative embodiments for any one of the individualcomponents or with yet other additional components not enumerated above.

Media content provided by one or more content providers (not shown) iscommunicated by the content providers to one or more head ends 11. Fromthose head ends 11 the media content is then communicated over acommunications network 18 that includes a plurality of HFC accessnetworks 17 (only one HFC access network 17 is illustrated). The HFCaccess network 17 typically comprises a plurality of HFC nodes 13, eachof which may serve a local geographical area. The hub 12 connects to theHFC node 13 through a fiber portion of the HFC access network 17. TheHFC node 13 is connected to a tap 14 which, in one implementation, isconnected to a network interface unit (NIU) 15 which is connected to adigital home communication terminal (DHCT) 16. In other implementations,the HFC node 13 is connected directly to a DHCT 16. The NIU 15, whenimplemented, is normally located at a user's property and provides atransparent interface between the HFC node 13 and the users' internalwiring. Coaxial cables are typically used to couple nodes 13, taps 14and NIUs 15 because the electrical signals can be easily repeated withradio frequency (RF) amplifiers. As the high-level operations of many ofthe functions of a subscriber television system (STS) 10 are well knownto those of ordinary skill in the art, further high level description ofthe overall STS 10 of FIG. 1A will not be contained herein.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating the transmission signalssupported by the STS 10 (FIG. 1A), where the transmission signals 60,64, 68, 72 and 76 are input into a DHCT 16 in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention. Preferably, one or more content providers(not shown) provide the content that is included in the transmissionsignals. Transmission signals can be generated at a headend 11 or at ahub 12 (FIG. 1A) that might function as a mini-headend and whichtherefore possesses some of the headend functionality. In someimplementations, the transmission signals can be provided by one or moreof the content providers.

As depicted in FIG. 1B, the STS 10 (FIG. 1A) can simultaneously supporta number of transmission signal types, transmission rates, andmodulation formats. The ability to carry analog and digital signals overa large bandwidth are characteristics of a Hybrid Fiber/Coax (HFC)Network typically employed in a STS, as in the STS 10 of FIG. 1A. Aswill be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, analog anddigital signals in HFC networks can be multiplexed using FrequencyDivision Multiplexing (FDM), which enables many different types ofsignals to be transmitted over the STS 10 to the DHCT 16. Typically, aSTS 10 using HFC supports downstream (i.e., in the direction from theheadend 11 to the DHCT 16) frequencies from 50 MHz to 870 MHz, whereasupstream frequencies (i.e., in the direction from the DHCT 16 to higherlevels of the system) are in the 5 MHz to 42 MHz band. Generally, the RFbandwidth spacing for analog and digital services is 6 MHz. Furthermore,for a typical 870 MHz system in the U.S., a possible downstream RFspectrum subdivision plan uses 6 MHz spaced frequency subdivisions, orspans, within the 50 MHz to 550 MHz band for analog video transmissionsignals and within the 550 MHz to 870 MHz range for digital transmissionsignals. The Analog Transmission Signals (ATSS) 60 shown in FIG. 1B aretypically broadcast in 6 MHz frequency subdivisions, typically referredto in analog broadcasting as channels, having an analog broadcast signalcomposed of analog video and analog audio, and include Broadcast TVSystems Committee (BTSC) stereo and Secondary Audio Program (SAP) audio.

Referring again to FIG. 1B, the downstream direction transmissionsignals, having been multiplexed, and in one embodiment using frequencydivision multiplexing (FDM), are often referred to as in-bandtransmission signals and include Analog Transmission Signals (ATSs) 60and Digital Transmission Signals (DTS) 64, 68, 72 (also known as DigitalTransport Signals). These transmission signals carry video, audio anddata services. For example, these transmission signals may carrytelevision signals, Internet data, or any additional types of data, suchas Electronic Program Guide (EPG) data. Additionally, as will beappreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, additional data canbe sent with the analog video image in the Vertical Blanking Interval(VBI) of the video signal and stored in DHCT memory or a DHCT localphysical storage device (not shown). It should be appreciated, however,that the amount of data that can be transmitted in the VBI of the analogvideo signal is typically significantly less than data transmitted in aDTS.

Like the ATSs 60, the DTCs 64, 68, 72 each occupies 6 MHz of the RFspectrum. However, the DTSs 64, 68, 72 are digital transmission signalsconsisting of 64- or 256-Quadrature Amplitude Modulated (QAM) digitalsignals formatted as MPEG-2 transport streams, allocated in a separatefrequency range. As will be described in more detail below, the MPEG-2transport stream enables transmission of a plurality of DTS types overeach 6 MHz RF spacing, as compared to a 6 MHz ATSk. The three types ofdigital transport signals illustrated in FIG. 1B include broadcastdigital transmission signals 64, carousel digital transmission signals68, and on-demand transmission signals 72.

MPEG-2 transport may be used to multiplex video, audio, and data in eachof these Digital Transmission Signals (DTSs). However, because an MPEG-2transport stream allows for multiplexed video, audio, and data into thesame stream, the DTSs do not necessarily have to be allocated inseparate 6 MHz RF frequencies, unlike ATSs 60. On the other hand, eachDTS is capable of carrying multiple broadcast digital media contentinstances, multiple cycling data carousels containing broadcast data,and data requested on-demand by the subscriber. Data is formatted, suchas in Internet Protocol (IP), mapped into MPEG-2 packets, and insertedinto the multiplexed MPEG-2 transport stream. Encryption can be appliedto the data stream for security so that the data may be received only byauthorized DHCTs. The authorized DHCT 16 is provided with the mechanismsto receive, among other things, additional data or enhanced services.Such mechanisms can include “keys” that are required to decryptencrypted data.

Each 6 MHz RF subdivision assigned to a digital transmission signal cancarry the video and audio streams of the media content instances ofmultiple television (TV) stations, as well as media content and datathat is not necessarily related to those TV media content instances, ascompared to one TV channel broadcast over one ATS 60 that consumes theentire 6 MHz. The digital data is inserted into MPEG transport streamscarried through each 6 MHz frequency subdivision assigned for digitaltransmission, and then de-multiplexed at the subscriber DHCT so thatmultiple sets of data can be produced within each tuned 6 MHz frequencyspan, or subdivision.

Although broadcast in nature, the carousel DTSs 68 and on-demand DTSs 72offer different functionality. Continuing with FIG. 1B, the broadcastDTSs 64 and carousel DTSs 68 typically function as continuous feeds forindefinite time, whereas the on-demand DTSs 72 are continuous feedssessions for a limited time. All DTS types are capable of beingtransmitted at high data rates. The broadcast DTSs 64 carry typical datacomprising multiple digitally-MPEG-2 compressed and formatted TV sourcesignals and other continuously fed data information. The carousel DTSs68 carry broadcast media content or data that is systematicallybroadcast in a cycling fashion but updated and revised as needed. Thus,the carousel DTSs 68 serve to carry high volume data such as mediacontent and data and possibly, other data at high data rates. Thecarousel DTSs 68 preferably carry data formatted in directories andfiles by a Broadcast File System (BFS) (not shown), which is used forproducing and transmitting data streams throughout the STS 10, and whichprovides an efficient means for the delivery of application executablesand application media content and data to the DHCT, as will be describedbelow. Media content and data received by the DHCT 16 in such manner canthen be saved in the DHCT memory and/or transferred to the DHCT storagedevice for later use. The on-demand DTSs 72, on the other hand, cancarry particular information such as compressed video and audiopertaining to subscriber requested media content instance preview and/ormedia content instance descriptions, as well as other specialized datainformation.

The User-to-Network Download Protocol of the MPEG-2 standard's DSM-CCspecification (Digital Storage Media—Command and Control) provides thedata carousel protocol used for broadcasting data from a server locatedat headend 11, or elsewhere. It also provides the interactive downloadprotocol for reliable downloading of data from a server (possibly thesame server) to an individual DHCT through the on-demand DTSs. Eachcarousel and on-demand DTS is defined by a DSM-CC session. Therefore,some of the basic functionality reflected in the DHCT 16 when the DHCTdoes not have a local physical storage device is somewhat similar to anetworked computer (i.e., a computer without a persistent storagedevice), in addition to traditional set top box functionality, as iswell known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A DHCT 16 with astorage device reduces data access latency when the data is stored inthe local physical storage device ahead of time.

Also shown in FIG. 1B are Out-Of-Band (OOB) signals that providecontinuously available two-way signaling to the subscribers' DHCT 16regardless of which in-band signals are tuned to by the individual DHCTin-band tuners, as described below. The OOB signals consists of aForward Data Signal (FDS) 76 and a Reverse Data Signal (RDS) 80. The OOBsignals can comply to any one of a number of well known transportprotocols but preferably comply to either a DAVIC 1.1 Transport Protocolwith FDS of 1.544 mega-bits per second (Mbps) or more using quadraturephase shift keying (QPSK) modulation and an RDS of 1.544 Mbps or moreusing QPSK modulation, or to a DOCSIS Transport Protocol with FDS of 27Mbps using 64-QAM modulation and a RDS of 1.544 Mbps or more using QPSKmodulation or 16-QAM modulation. The OOB signals provide the two-wayoperation of the network, which allows for subscriber interactivity withthe applications and services provided by the network. Furthermore, theOOB signals are not limited to a 6 MHz spectrum, but generally to asmaller spectrum, such as 1.5 or 3 MHz.

FIG. 2 is an overview of a headend 11, which provides the interfacebetween the STS 10 and the service and content providers. The overviewof FIG. 2 is equally applicable to a hub 12, and the same elements andprinciples may be implemented at a hub 12 instead of the headend 11 asdescribed herein. The headend 11 receives content from a variety ofservice and content providers, which can provide input in a variety ofways. The headend 11 combines the content from the various sources anddistributes the content to subscribers via the distribution systems ofthe network 18.

In a typical system, the programming, services and other informationfrom content providers can be distributed according to a variety ofmechanisms. The input signals may be transmitted from sources to theheadend 11 via a variety of transmission paths, including satellites(not shown), and terrestrial broadcast transmitters and antennas (notshown). The headend 11 can also receive content from a direct feedsource 210 via a direct line 212. Other input sources from contentproviders include a video camera 214, analog input source 208, or anapplication server 216. The application server 216 may include more thanone line of communication. One or more components such as analog inputsource 208, input source 210, video camera 214, and application server216 can be located external to the headend 11, as shown, or internal tothe headend as would be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in theart. The signals provided by the content or programming input sourcescan include a single media content instance (i.e. individual instancesof media content such as an episode of a television show, a movie, orweb-page, etc.) or a multiplex that includes several media contentinstances.

The headend 11 generally includes one or more receivers 218 that areeach associated with a content source. MPEG encoders, such as encoder220, are included for digitally encoding at least some local programmingor a real-time feed from video camera 214, or the like. The encoder 220outputs the respective compressed video and audio streams correspondingto the analog audio/video signal received at its input. For example,encoder 220 can output formatted MPEG-2 or MPEG-1 packetized elementary(PES) streams or transport streams compliant to the syntax and semanticsof the ISO MPEG-2 standard, respectively. The PES or transport streamsmay be multiplexed with input signals from switch 230, receiver 218 andcontrol system 232. The multiplexing logic 222 processes the inputsignals and multiplexes at least a portion of the input signals intotransport stream 240.

Analog input source 208 can provide an analog audio/video broadcastsignal, which can be input into modulator 227. From modulator 227, amodulated analog output signal can be combined at combiner 246 alongwith other modulated signals for transmission into transmission medium250. Alternatively, analog audio/video broadcast signal from analoginput source 208 can be input into modulator 228. Alternatively, analogaudio/video broadcast signal can be input directly from modulator 227 totransmission medium 250. The analog broadcast media content instancesare transmitted via respective radio-frequency (RF) channels, eachassigned for transmission of an analog audio/video signal such as NTSCvideo, as described in association with FIG. 1B.

The switch, such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switch 230,provides an interface to an application server 216. There can bemultiple application servers 216 providing a variety of services such asa Pay-Per-View service, including video on demand (VOD), a data service,an Internet service, a network system, or a telephone system. Serviceand content providers may download content to an application serverlocated within the STS 10. The application server 216 may also belocated within the headend 11 or elsewhere within the STS 10, such as ina hub 12. The various inputs into the headend 11 are then combined withthe other information from the control system 232, which is specific tothe STS 10, such as local programming and control information, which caninclude among other things conditional access information. The headend11 contains one or more modulators 228 to convert the received transportstreams 240 into modulated output signals suitable for transmission overthe transmission medium 250 through the network 18. Each modulator 228may be a multimodulator including a plurality of modulators, such as,but not limited to, QAM modulators, that radio frequency modulate atleast a portion of the transport streams 240 to become output transportstreams 242. The output signals 242 from the various modulators 228 ormultimodulators are combined, using equipment such as a combiner 246,for input into the transmission medium 250, which is sent via thein-band delivery path 254 to subscriber locations (not shown). In-banddelivery path 254 can include DTSs 64, 68, 72, and ATS 60, as describedwith FIG. 1B. In one embodiment, the server 216 also provides varioustypes of data 288 to the headend 11. The data is received, in part, bythe media access control functions 224 that output MPEG transportpackets containing data 266 instead of digital audio/video MPEG streams.

The control system 232 enables the television system operator to controland monitor the functions and performance of the STS 10. The controlsystem 232 interfaces with various components, via communication link270, in order to monitor and/or control a variety of functions,including the frequency spectrum lineup of the programming for the STS10, billing for each subscriber, and conditional access for the contentdistributed to subscribers. Information, such as conditional accessinformation, is communicated from the control system 232 to themultiplexing logic 222 where it is multiplexed into a transport stream240.

Among other things, the control system 232 provides input to themodulator 228 for setting the operating parameters, such as selectingcertain media content instances or portions of transport streams forinclusion in one or more output transport streams 242, system specificMPEG table packet organization, and/or conditional access information.

Control information and other data can be communicated to hubs 12 andDHCTs 16 via an in-band delivery path 254 or via an out-of-band deliverypath 256.

The out-of-band data is transmitted via the out-of-band FDS 76 (FIG. 1B)of transmission medium 250 by means such as, but not limited to, aQuadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) modem array 226. Two-waycommunication utilizes the RDS80 (FIG. 1B) of the out-of-band deliverypath 256. Hubs 12 and DHCTs 16 transmit out-of-band data through thetransmission medium 250, and the out-of-band data is received in headend11 via out-of-band RDS80. The out-of-band data is routed through router264 to an application server 216 or to control system 232. Theout-of-band control information includes such information as apay-per-view purchase instruction and a pause viewing command from thesubscriber location to a video-on-demand type application server locatedinternally or external to the headend 11, such as application server216, as well as any other data sent from the DHCT 16 (FIG. 1A) or hubs12, all of which will preferably be properly timed. The control system232 also monitors, controls, and coordinates all communications in thesubscriber television system, including video, audio, and data. Thecontrol system 232 can be located at headend 11 or remotely.

The transmission medium 250 distributes signals from the headend 11 tothe other elements in the subscriber television system, such as a hub12, a node 13, and subscriber locations (FIG. 1A). The transmissionmedium 250 can incorporate one or more of a variety of media, such asoptical fiber, coaxial cable, and hybrid fiber-coax (HFC), satellite,direct broadcast, or other transmission media.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustration of a DHCT 16 that is coupled toa headend 11 and to a television, in accordance with one embodiment. Itwill be understood that the DHCT 16 shown in FIG. 3A is merelyillustrative and should not be construed as implying any limitationsupon the scope of the preferred embodiments of the invention. Forexample, some of the functionality performed by applications executed inthe DHCT 16 (such as the MOD client application 363) may instead beperformed at the headend 11 and vice versa, or not at all in someembodiments. A DHCT 16 is typically situated at a user's residence orplace of business and may be a stand alone unit or integrated intoanother device such as, for example, a television set or a personalcomputer or other display devices or an audio device. The DHCT 16preferably includes a communications interface 342 for receiving signals(video, audio and/or other data) from the headend 11 through the network18 and for providing any reverse information to the headend 11 throughthe network 18.

The DHCT 16 further preferably includes at least one processor 344 forcontrolling operations of the DHCT 16, an output system 348 for drivingthe television display 341, and a tuner system 345 for tuning into aparticular television channel or frequency to be displayed and forsending and receiving various types of data or media content to and fromthe headend 11. The DHCT 16 may include, in other embodiments, multipletuners for receiving downloaded (or transmitted) media content. Tunersystem 345 can select from a plurality of transmission signals (FIG. 1B)provided by the subscriber television system. Tuner system 345 enablesthe DHCT 16 to tune to downstream media and data transmissions, therebyallowing a user to receive digital or analog media content delivered inthe downstream transmission via the subscriber television system. Thetuner system 345 includes, in one implementation, an out-of-band tunerfor bi-directional quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) datacommunication and a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) tuner (inband) for receiving television signals. Additionally, a receiver 346receives externally-generated information, such as user inputs orcommands from an input device or other devices.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a telephone modem (notshown) in the DHCT 16 can be utilized for upstream data transmission anda headend 11, hub 12 (FIG. 1A) or other component located upstream inthe STS 10 (FIG. 1A) can receive data from a telephone networkcorresponding with the telephone modem and can route the upstream datato a destination internal or external to the STS 10, such as anapplication data server in the headend 11 or content provider.

The DHCT 16 includes signal processing system 314, which comprisesdemodulating system 313 and transport demultiplexing and parsing system315 (herein demultiplexing system) to process broadcast media contentand/or data. One or more of the systems of signal processing system 314can be implemented with software, a combination of software andhardware, or preferably in hardware. Demodulating system 313 comprisesfunctionality for RF signal demodulation, either an analog transmissionsignal or a digital transmission signal. For instance, demodulatingsystem 313 can demodulate a digital transmission signal in a carrierfrequency that was modulated, among others, as a QAM-modulated signal.When tuned to a carrier frequency corresponding to an analog TV signaltransmission, demultiplexing system 315 is bypassed and the demodulatedanalog TV signal that is output by demodulating system 313 is insteadrouted to analog video decoder 316. Analog video decoder 316 convertsthe analog video signal (i.e. the video portion of a media contentinstance that comprises a video portion and an audio portion) receivedat its input into a respective non-compressed digital representationcomprising a sequence of digitized pictures and their respectivedigitized audio. Presented at the input to analog video decoder 316 isan analog video signal such as NTSC video comprising of audio and video.In one implementation, the video consists of a sequence of fields spacedapart at approximately one-sixtieth of a second. A pair of consecutivefields constitutes a picture. The odd field contains the odd-numberedlines of the picture and the even field contains the even-numbered linesof the picture. Analog video decoder 316 outputs the correspondingsequence of digitized pictures and respective digitized audio. Eachpicture is a two dimensional entity of picture elements and each pictureelement contains a respective set of values. A picture element valuecomprises luminance and chrominance information that are representativeof brightness and color information at the spatial location of thepicture element within the picture.

Digitized pictures and respective audio output by analog video decoder316 are presented at the input of compression engine 317. Digitizedpictures and respective audio output by analog video decoder 316 canalso be presented to an input of media engine 322 via an interface (notshown) dedicated for non-compressed digitized analog video and audio,such as ITU-656, for display on TV 341. Compression engine 317 iscoupled to localized memory 349, preferably DRAM 352, for input andprocessing of the input digitized pictures and their respectivedigitized audio. Alternatively, compression engine 317 can have its ownintegrated memory (not shown). Compression engine 317 processes thesequence of digitized pictures and digitized audio and converts theminto a video compressed stream and an audio compressed stream,respectively. The compressed audio and video streams are produced inaccordance with the syntax and semantics of a designated audio and videocoding method, such as specified by the MPEG-2 audio and MPEG-2 videoISO standard, so that they can be interpreted by video decoder 323 andaudio decoder 325 for decompression and reconstruction at a future time.Each compressed stream consists of a sequence of data packets containinga header and a payload. Each header contains a unique programidentification, or PID, associated with the respective compressedstream.

Compression engine 317 multiplexes the audio and video compressedstreams into a transport stream, such as an MPEG-2 transport stream, foroutput. Furthermore, compression engine 317 can preferably compressaudio and video corresponding to more than one program in parallel(e.g., two tuned analog TV signals) and to multiplex the respectiveaudio and video compressed streams into a single transport stream.Output of compressed streams and/or transport streams produced bycompression engine 317 is input to signal processing system 314. Parsingcapabilities 315 within signal processing 314 allow for interpretationof sequence and picture headers, for instance, annotating theirlocations within their respective compressed stream for future retrievalfrom storage device 373. A compressed analog media content instance(e.g., TV program episode or show) corresponding to a tuned analogtransmission channel can be output as a transport stream by signalprocessing 314 and presented as input for storage in storage device 373via interface 375 as will be described below. The packetized compressedstreams can be also output by signal processing 314 and presented asinput to media engine 322 for decompression by video decompressionengine 323 and audio decompression engine 325 for its display on TV 341,as will be described below.

Demultiplexing system 315 can include MPEG-2 transport demultiplexing.When tuned to carrier frequencies carrying a digital transmissionsignal, demultiplexing system 315 enables the separation of packets ofdata, corresponding to the compressed streams of information belongingto the desired media content instances, for further processing.Concurrently, demultiplexing system 315 precludes packets in themultiplexed transport stream that are irrelevant or not desired, such aspackets of data corresponding to compressed streams of media contentinstances of other media content signal sources (e.g. other TVchannels), from further processing.

Parsing capabilities of demultiplexing system 315 include reading andinterpreting the received transport stream without disturbing itscontent, such as to interpret sequence and picture headers, forinstance, to annotate their locations within their respective compressedstream for future retrieval from storage device 373. Thus, thecomponents of signal processing system 314 are capable of QAMdemodulation, forward error correction, and demultiplexing MPEG-2transport streams, and parsing packetized elementary streams andelementary streams. A compressed media content instance corresponding toa tuned carrier frequency carrying a digital transmission signal can beoutput as a transport stream by signal processing 314 and presented asinput for storage in storage device 373 via interface 375 as will bedescribed below. The packetized compressed streams can be also output bysignal processing 314 and presented as input to media engine 322 fordecompression by video decompression engine 323 and audio decompressionengine 325 as will be described below.

One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that signalprocessing system 314 will preferably include other components notshown, including memory, decryptors, samplers, digitizers (e.g.analog-to-digital converters), and multiplexers, among others. Further,other embodiments will be understood, by those having ordinary skill inthe art, to be within the scope of the preferred embodiments of thepresent invention, including analog signals (e.g. NTSC) that bypass oneor more elements of the signal processing system 314 and are forwardeddirectly to the output system 348. Further, outputs presented atcorresponding next-stage inputs for the aforementioned signal processingflow may be connected via accessible memory 349 in which the outputtingdevice stores the output data and the inputting device thereafter inputsthe output data written to memory 349 by the respective outputtingdevice. Outputting and inputting devices include analog video decoder316, compression engine 317, media engine 322, signal processing system314, and components or subcomponents thereof. Further, it will beunderstood by those having ordinary skill in the art that components ofsignal processing system 314 can be spatially located in different areasof the DHCT 16. Further, it will be understood by those having ordinaryskill in the art that, although the components of signal processingsystem 314 are illustrated as being in communication with an incomingsignal from the communications interface 342, the signal may notnecessarily be in the order shown for all signals.

The DHCT 16 also includes media engine 322, which includes digital videodecoder 323 also known as video decompression engine, and digital audiodecoder 325 also known as audio decompression engine, and other digitalsignal processing components not shown, as would be appreciated by thosehaving ordinary skill in the art. For example, demultiplexing system 315is in communication with tuner system 345, and processor 344 to effectreception of digital compressed video streams, digital compressed audiostreams, and data streams corresponding to one or more media contentinstances to be separated from other media content instances and/orstreams transported in the tuned transmission channel and to be storedin a first part (not shown) of DRAM 352 of DHCT 16 assigned to receivepackets of one or more media content instances. Other dedicated memorymay also be used for media content instance packets.

Furthermore, while conducting this process, demultiplexing system 315demultiplexes and separates desired compressed streams from the receivedtransport stream without disturbing its content. Further, parser 315parses (i.e., reads and interprets) compressed streams such as tointerpret sequence headers and picture headers, and deposits a transportstream carrying compressed streams of a media content instance into DRAM352. Processor 344 causes transport stream in DRAM 352 to be transferredto the storage device 373 via interface 375. Under program control byprocessor 344, the demultiplexing system 315 in communication with thedigital video decoder 323, storage device 373, and processor 344 effectnotification and/or transfer of received packets of one or morecompressed streams corresponding to one or more media content instancesfrom a first part of DRAM 352 to a second part (not shown) of DRAM 352assigned to the digital video decoder 323 and the digital audio decoder325. Alternatively, media engine 322 can have access to a dedicatedlocalized DRAM (not shown). Upon demultiplexing and parsing thetransport stream carrying one or more media content instances, signalprocessing system 314 outputs to DRAM 352 ancillary data in the form ofa table or data structure (not shown) comprising the relative orabsolute location of the beginning of certain pictures in the compressedmedia content instance for convenience in retrieval during futureoperations.

In another embodiment, according to a plurality of tuners, andrespective number of demodulating systems 313, demultiplexing systems315, and signal processing systems 314, a respective number of broadcastdigital media content instances are received and routed to the hard disk300 of storage device 373 simultaneously. Alternatively, a singledemodulating system 313, a single demultiplexing system 315, and asingle signal processing system 314, each with sufficient processingcapabilities can serve to process more than one digital media contentinstance.

In another embodiment according to the aforementioned description, afirst tuner of tuning system 345 receives an analog video signalcorresponding to a first media content instance and a second tunersimultaneously receives a digital compressed stream corresponding to asecond media content instance. First media content instance is processedas an analog video signal and second media content instance is processedas a digital compressed stream as described above.

In one implementation, compression engine 317 can output formattedMPEG-2 or MPEG-1 packetized elementary streams (PES) inside a transportstream, all compliant to the syntax and semantics of the ISO MPEG-2standard. Alternatively, compression engine 317 can output other digitalformats that are compliant to other standards. The digital compressedstreams output by compression engine 317 corresponding to a first mediacontent instance are deposited in local memory for compression engine317 and routed to demultiplexing system 315. Demultiplexing system 315parses (i.e., reads and interprets) the transport stream generated bycompression engine 317 without disturbing its content, such as tointerpret picture headers, and deposits the transport stream into DRAM352. Processor 344 causes transport stream in DRAM 352 to be transferredto the storage device 373. While parsing the transport stream,demultiplexing system 315 outputs to memory 352 ancillary data in theform of a table or data structure (not shown) comprising the relative orabsolute location of the beginning of certain pictures in the compressedmedia content stream for the first media content instance forconvenience in retrieval during future operations. In this way, randomaccess operations such as fast forward, rewind, and jumping to alocation in the compressed media content instance can be attained.

In another embodiment, according to a plurality of tuners, a respectivenumber of analog video decoders 316, and a respective number ofcompression engines 317, the aforementioned compression of analog videoand audio is performed and routed to hard disk 300 of the storage device373 simultaneously for a respective number of analog media contentinstances. Alternatively, a single compression engine with sufficientprocessing capabilities can serve to compress more than one analog mediacontent instance.

The DHCT 16 may also include one or more wireless or wired interfaces,also called communication ports 374, for receiving and/or transmittingdata to other devices. For instance, the DHCT 16 may feature USB(Universal Serial Bus), Ethernet (for connection to a computer),IEEE-1394 (for connection to media content devices in an entertainmentcenter), serial, and/or parallel ports. The user inputs may be, forexample, provided by an input device including a computer or transmitterwith buttons or keys located either on the exterior of the terminal orby a hand-held remote control device 380 or keyboard that includesuser-actuated buttons.

In one implementation, the DHCT 16 includes system memory 349, whichincludes FLASH memory 351 and dynamic random access memory (DRAM) 352,for storing various applications, modules and data for execution and useby the processor 344. Basic functionality of the DHCT 16 is provided byan operating system 353 that is primarily stored in FLASH memory 351.Among other elements, the operating system 353 includes at least oneresource manager 367 that provides an interface to resources of the DHCT16 such as, for example, computing resources. Also included withinoperating system 353 is one or more device drivers that providesoperating instructions to an internal or external storage device, suchas storage device 373, and peripheral devices not shown. For example,device driver 311 provides operating instructions to the storage devicecontroller 379 of the storage device 373 to effect, among otherfunctions, read and/or write operations to the hard disk of the storagedevice 373.

One or more programmed software applications, herein referred to asapplications, or application clients, are executed by utilizing thecomputing resources in the DHCT 16. The applications may be resident inFLASH memory 351 or downloaded into DRAM 352. Applications stored inFLASH memory 351 or DRAM 352 are executed by processor 344 (e.g., acentral processing unit or digital signal processor) under the auspicesof the operating system 353. Data required as input by an application isstored in DRAM 352 or FLASH memory 351 and read by processor 344 as needbe during the course of the application's execution. Input data may bedata stored in DRAM 352 by a secondary application or other source,either internal or external to the DHCT 16, or possibly anticipated bythe application and thus created with the application at the time it wasgenerated as a software application, in which case it is stored in FLASHmemory 351. Data generated by an application is stored in DRAM 352 byprocessor 344 during the course of the application's execution. DRAM 352also includes application memory 370 that various applications may usefor storing and/or retrieving data.

An application referred to as navigator 355 is also resident in FLASHmemory 351 for providing a navigation framework for services provided bythe DHCT 16. The navigator 355 registers for and in some cases reservescertain user inputs related to navigational keys such as channelincrement/decrement, last channel, favorite channel, etc. The navigator355 also provides users with television related menu options thatcorrespond to DHCT functions such as, for example, blocking a channel ora group of channels from being displayed in a channel menu.

The FLASH memory 351 also contains a platform library 356. The platformlibrary 356 is a collection of utilities useful to applications, such asa timer manager, a compression manager, a configuration manager, an HTMLparser, a database manager, a widget toolkit, a string manager, andother utilities (not shown). These utilities are accessed byapplications via application programming interfaces (APIs) as necessaryso that each application does not have to contain these utilities. Twocomponents of the platform library 356 that are shown in FIG. 3A are awindow manager 359 and a service application manager (SAM) client 357.

The window manager 359 provides a mechanism for implementing the sharingof the screen regions and user input. The window manager 359 on the DHCT16 is responsible for, as directed by one or more applications,implementing the creation, display, and de-allocation of the limitedDHCT 16 screen resources. It allows multiple applications to share thescreen by assigning ownership of screen regions, or windows. The windowmanager 359 also maintains, among other things, a user input registry350 in DRAM 352 so that when a user enters a key or a command via theremote control device 380 or another input device such as a keyboard ormouse, the user input registry 350 is accessed to determine which ofvarious applications running on the DHCT 16 should receive datacorresponding to the input key and in which order. As an application isexecuted, it registers a request to receive certain user input keys orcommands. When the user presses a key corresponding to one of thecommands on the remote control device 380, the command is received bythe receiver 346 and relayed to the processor 344. The processor 344dispatches the event to the operating system 353 where it is forwardedto the window manager 359 which ultimately accesses the user inputregistry 350 and routes data corresponding to the incoming command tothe appropriate application.

The SAM client 357 is a client component of a client-server pair ofcomponents, with the server component (not shown) being located on theheadend 11, preferably in the control system 232 (FIG. 2). A SAMdatabase 360 (i.e. structured data such as a database or data structure)in DRAM 352 includes a data structure of services and a data structureof channels that are created and updated by the headend 11. Herein,database will refer to a database, structured data or other datastructures as is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Manyservices can be defined using the same application component, withdifferent parameters. Examples of services include, without limitationand in accordance with one implementation, presenting televisionprograms (available through a WatchTV application 362), pay-per-viewevents (available through a PPV application 364), digital music (notshown), media-on-demand (available through an MOD application 363), andan interactive program guide (IPG) 397. In general, the identificationof a service includes the identification of an executable applicationthat provides the service along with a set of application-dependentparameters that indicate to the application the service to be provided.As a non-limiting example, a service of presenting a television program(i.e. media content instance) could be executed by WatchTV application362 with a set of parameters specifying the HBO to view HBO or with aseparate set of parameters to view CNN. Each association of theapplication component (tune video) and one parameter component (HBO orCNN) represents a particular service that has a unique service I.D. TheSAM client 357 also interfaces with the resource manager 367, asdiscussed below, to control resources of the DHCT 16.

Application clients can also be downloaded into DRAM 352 at the requestof the SAM client 357, typically in response to a request by the user orin response to a message from the headend 11. In this example, DRAM 352includes a media-on-demand application (MOD) 363, an e-mail application365, PVR application 377, and a web browser application 366. It shouldbe clear to one with ordinary skill in the art that these applicationsare not limiting and merely serve as examples for this presentembodiment of the invention. Furthermore, one or more DRAM basedapplications may be resident, as an alternative embodiment, in FLASHmemory 351. These applications, and others provided by the subscribertelevision system operator, are top-level software entities on thenetwork for providing services to the user.

In one implementation, applications executing on the DHCT 16 work withthe navigator 355 by abiding by several guidelines. First, anapplication utilizes the SAM client 357 for the provision, activation,and suspension of services. Second, an application shares DHCT 16resources with other applications and abides by the resource managementpolicies of the SAM client 357, the operating system 353, and the DHCT16. Third, an application handles situations where resources are onlyavailable with navigator 355 intervention. Fourth, when an applicationloses service authorization while providing a service, the applicationsuspends the service via the SAM (the navigator 355 will reactivate anindividual service application when it later becomes authorized).Finally, an application client, or application, is designed to not haveaccess to certain user input keys reserved by the navigator (i.e.,power, channel+/−, volume+/−, etc.).

The MOD client application 363 provides the user with lists of availablemedia content titles for each media content instance to choose from andwith media content instances requested by the user. The MOD clientapplication 363 provides media content instances to the user byengaging, preferably, in a direct two-way IP (Internet Protocol)connection with VOD content servers (not shown) that would be located,in one embodiment, in the headend 11 (FIG. 2).

An executable program or algorithm corresponding to an operating system(OS) component, or to a client platform component, or to an applicationclient, or to respective parts thereof, can reside in and execute out ofDRAM 352 and/or FLASH memory 351. Likewise, data input into or outputfrom any executable program can reside in DRAM 352 or FLASH memory 351.Furthermore, an executable program or algorithm corresponding to anoperating system component, or to a client platform component, or to anapplication client, or to respective parts thereof, can reside in FLASHmemory 351, or in a local storage device (such as storage device 373)connected to DHCT 16 and be transferred into DRAM 352 for execution.Likewise, data input for an executable program can reside in FLASHmemory 351 or a storage device and be transferred into DRAM 352 for useby an executable program or algorithm. In addition, data output by anexecutable program can be written into DRAM 352 by an executable programor algorithm and be transferred into FLASH memory 351 or into a storagedevice. In other embodiments, the executable code is not transferred,but instead, functionality is effected by other mechanisms.

The DHCT 16 includes at least one storage device 373 to provide storagefor downloaded media content. PVR application 377 (described in greaterdetail below), in cooperation with the operating system 353 and thedevice driver 311, effects, among other functions, read and/or writeoperations to the storage device 373. Herein, references to write and/orread operations to the storage device 373 will be understood to meanoperations to the medium or media of the storage device 373 unlessindicated otherwise. The device driver 311 is a software modulepreferably resident in the operating system 353. The device driver 311,under management of the operating system 353, communicates with thestorage device controller 379 to provide the operating instructions forthe storage device 373. As conventional device drivers and devicecontrollers are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art,further discussion of the detailed working of each will not be describedfurther here. Storage device 373 is preferably internal to DHCT 16,coupled to a common bus through a communication interface 375,preferably an integrated drive electronics (IDE) or small computersystem interface (SCSI), although IEEE-1394 or USB, among others, can beused. Alternatively, the storage device 373 can be externally connectedto (and thus removable from) the DHCT 16 via a communication port 374implemented as IEEE-1394 or USB or as a data interface port such as aSCSI or an IDE interface. In one implementation, under the auspices ofthe real-time operating system 353 executed by processor 344, and incoordination with the PVR application client 377, transmitted mediacontent (herein understood to also refer to other types of data inaddition to, or instead of, media content instances) are received inDHCT 16 via communications interface 342 and stored in a temporary cache(not shown) in memory 349. The temporary cache is implemented andmanaged to enable media content transfers from the temporary cache tostorage device 373, or, in concert with the insertion of a newlyarriving media content into the temporary cache. In one implementation,the fast access time and high data transfer rate characteristics of thestorage device 373 enable media content to be read from the temporarycache in memory 349 and written to storage device 373 in a sufficientlyfast manner. Orchestration of multiple simultaneous data transferoperations is effected so that while media content is being transferredfrom the cache in memory 349 to storage device 373, new media content isreceived and stored in the temporary cache of memory 349.

Processor 344 in communication generally with device driver 311 andstorage device controller 379 and demultiplexing system 315 effectretrieval of compressed video streams, compressed audio streams, anddata streams corresponding to one or more media content instances fromstorage device 373. Retrieved streams are deposited in an output cachein storage device 373 and transferred to memory 352, and then processedfor playback according to mechanisms that would be understood by thosehaving ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the media contentinstances are retrieved and routed from the hard disk 300 to the digitalvideo decoder 323 and digital audio decoder 325 simultaneously, and thenfurther processed for eventual presentation on a display device or otherdevice.

Storage device 373 can be an optical storage device or a magneticstorage device, among others, and is preferably a hard disk drive.Storage device 373 comprises storage for media content that can bewritten to for storage and later read from for retrieval forpresentation. The storage device 373 preferably includes at least onehard disk 300 and a controller 379, which receives operatinginstructions from the device driver 311 and implements thoseinstructions to cause read and/or write operations to the hard disk 300.The operating system 353, in cooperation with the device driver 311,communicates with the storage device controller 379 to format the harddisk 300, causing the hard disk to be divided radially into sectors 301and concentric circles called tracks 302, as illustrated by the blockdiagram illustration of the example hard disk 300 in FIG. 3B. Note fromFIG. 3B that the same number of sectors 301 per track 302 areillustrated, but other embodiments with a different number of tracks perside, or sectors per track, or bytes per track, in different zones oftracks are within the scope of the preferred embodiments of theinvention. The sector 301 is the basic unit of storage on the hard disk300. In one implementation, each sector 301 of a hard disk 300 can store512 bytes of user data. While data is stored in 512-byte sectors on thehard disk 300, the cluster, such as example cluster 303, is the minimumunit of data storage the operating system 353 uses to manage the storageof information. Two or more sectors on a single track make up a cluster.

In a addition to formatting, the operating system 353, device driver311, and controller 379 cooperate to create a special file in one of thehard disk sectors called a file allocation table (FAT), such as theexample FAT 304 illustrated in FIG. 3C. Note that the FAT 304 shown inFIG. 3C includes a partial view showing a few rows and columns ofinformation. The FAT 304 is where the operating system 353 stores theinformation about the hard disk clusters and the files associated withthose clusters. The operating system 353 can determine where a file'sdata is located by using the directory entry for the file and fileallocation table (FAT) 304 entries. The directory entry givesinformation about a directory such as its related files andsubdirectories and create time, and special permissions. A FAT entrydescribes the physical locations of data for a media content instancefile (i.e. the file the media content instance is written to on the harddisk 300 (FIG. 3B)). Similarly, the FAT 304 also keeps track of whichclusters are free, or open, and thus available for use. When the PVRapplication 377 creates (or extends) a media content instance file, theoperating system 353, in cooperation with the device driver 11, queriesthe FAT 304 for an available cluster to begin writing the media contentinstance. For a non-limiting example, to buffer a downloaded mediacontent instance into the storage device 373, the PVR application 377creates a media content instance file and media content instance filename for the media content instance to be downloaded. The operatingsystem 353, in cooperation with the device driver 311, checks the FAT304 for an available, or writeable, cluster to write the media contentinstance to, such as cluster 15 (as indicated in block 393 of the FAT304). From the FAT 304, the operating system 353 also determines thatcluster 15 is comprised of sectors 25, 26, 27, and 28 (as indicated fromblock 395 from the FAT 304) on track 1 (block 399). The PVR application377 effects the device driver 311, through communication with theoperating system 353, to cause the controller 379 to write thedownloaded media content instance to cluster 15 under a particular mediacontent instance file name. The FAT 304 is then updated with the newmedia content instance file name corresponding to cluster 15. If themedia content instance requires more data space than what cluster 15 canoffer, the operating system 353 queries the FAT 304 for the location ofanother available cluster to continue writing the media content instanceto hard disk space. Upon finding another cluster, the FAT 304 is updated(block 394) to keep track of which clusters are linked to store aparticular media content instance under the given media content instancefile name.

When more than one cluster is required to write data to hard disk 300,the clusters corresponding to one particular media content instance filemay or may not be adjacent or contiguous clusters. The clusterscorresponding to a particular media content instance file can befragmented throughout the hard disk space. As described earlier, a fileallocation table (FAT) keeps track of which clusters are employed towrite a downloaded media content instance to the hard disk 300. Further,systems well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such asdefragmentators, can be employed to cause the clusters associated with aparticular media content instance file to be contiguous. This process ofwriting the media content instance to the hard disk 300 under the givenmedia content instance file name continues until the PVR application 377determines that it is time to stop and close the file. The PVRapplication 377 makes this determination as to the stop time of adownloaded media content instance (i.e. when a particular show is over),in one embodiment, based on media content instance guide data the PVRapplication stores in an associated management file, as will beexplained in further detail below. When the PVR application 377 receivesand stores the media content instance guide data, the PVR application377 sets up a timer interrupt (or in other embodiments, polls theoperating system 353) with the operating system 353. The operatingsystem 353, in coordination with a real-time clock (not shown) withinthe DHCT 16, alerts the PVR application 377 (FIG. 3A) to the end of thereceived media content instance. Read operations from the hard disk 300similarly employ the FAT with cooperation among the PVR application 377,operating system 353, and device driver 311. When media content instancefiles are deleted through the PVR application 377, the operating system353 causes the device driver 311 to flag this new status in the FAT byflagging the clusters for that deleted media content instance file asavailable (or writeable). The flagging may be implemented by a symbol inthe file entry directory for the targeted media content instance file.Clusters for temporarily buffered media content instance files andpermanently recorded media content instance files corresponding torecorded media content instances in the TSB 378 and permanently recordedspace, respectively, will have corresponding media content instance filenames in the FAT. In contrast, available clusters on the hard disk 300will have some flag or indication in the corresponding FAT entry tosignal to the device driver 311 and operating system 353 that suchclusters are write-able (e.g. available for designation as clusters tobe used for buffering or permanent recording).

The PVR application 377 provides for media content recordingfunctionality by enabling the temporary writing to, and if requested,more permanent recording to the storage device 373. Through mechanismsexplained below, media content received into the TSB 378 will have atemporary recording designation. That is, media content stored inclusters of the TSB 378 will have a temporary residence. This receivingof media content into the TSB 378 for temporary residence will also bereferred to as buffering. The media content stored in the TSB 378 willeither be deleted (i.e. its associated management file record will bedeleted and the clusters storing the media content will be configured aswriteable for eventual write operations that overwrite the media contentwithin those clusters) or retained (through election by the user) as apermanent recording. A permanent recording will be understood to meanmedia content that is stored for an extended period of time as decidedby the user. Permanent recordings are stored in non-buffer clusters(i.e. not in clusters of the TSB 378) that are not used for the TSB 378in instances when the user elects in advance to make a scheduledrecording of a media content instance that has not yet been tuned to atthe DHCT 16. A permanent recording can also be achieved by selecting amedia content instance stored in the TSB 378 and designating the mediacontent instance as permanent. As will be described below, thisdesignation can occur, in one implementation, by selecting the desiredcontent via a user interface screen. The PVR application 377 responds by“flagging” the associated management file as permanent. This designationfor the desired media content instance is relayed to the device driver311 and/or operating system 353, which effects the removal of theassociated clusters from the TSB 378. Thus, permanent recordings willpreferably be more permanent than media content in the TSB 378, andpermanent recordings can eventually be deleted from the disk space,typically at the explicit request of a user, as one example. Thisdeletion occurs, in one implementation, by configuring the associatednon-buffer clusters as writeable, and thus eventually available for theTSB 378 or scheduled recordings.

Media content may be transmitted or downloaded from a remote location,such as, for example, a remote server located in the head end 11, orfrom a home communication network, or from other consumer electronicdevices. In accordance with the preferred embodiment, the PVRapplication 377 manages buffer space, or a time shift buffer (TSB) 378,of downloaded media content instances, or programs (content), and/ordata, at the application level for each tuner. Hence, each tuner intuner system 345 has a respective TSB 378. Note that buffering isunderstood to mean temporarily receiving media content, resulting eitherfrom reception of a broadcast digital channel or a digital compressedversion of a broadcast analog channel, and/or data into the bufferspace, or TSB 378, of the storage device 373. In one embodiment,buffering for a digital compressed video program, or media contentinstance, results from a sourced video program instance and itsassociated audio signal that originated as an analog video signalreceived in DHCT 16 as a broadcast TV program instance received vianetwork communication interface 342 (FIG. 3A). Such analog video signalsare compressed into digital form by the encoder 317 (FIG. 3A), or otherdigitizing hardware or software, in DHCT 16 as explained above.

In another embodiment, buffering for a digital compressed video programinstance (i.e. media content instance) results from a sourced videoprogram instance and its associated audio signal that originated as ananalog video signal received in DHCT 16 via analog audio and videoconnectors (not shown) in DHCT 16 such as an S-Video input or compositevideo input and originating from a consumer electronic device such as ananalog video camcorder.

In another embodiment, buffering for a digital compressed video programinstance results from a sourced video program instance and itsassociated audio signal that originated as a broadcast digital TVprogram instance received in DHCT 16 via network communication interface342 (FIG. 3A).

In another embodiment, buffering for a digital compressed video programinstance results from a sourced video program instance and itsassociated audio signal that originated as an on-demand digital videoprogram instance received in DHCT 16 via network communicationinterface, wherein such digital video program instance resided in aserver at headend 11 (FIG. 2).

In another embodiment, buffering for a digital compressed video programinstance results from a sourced video program instance and itsassociated audio signal that originated as a digital video programinstance received in DHCT 16 via a digital video interface or a homenetwork interface such as USB, IEEE-1394 or Ethernet, wherein suchdigital video program instance resided in storage in a personal computeror a digital consumer electronic device such as a digital videocamcorder.

In another embodiment, buffering for a digital compressed video programinstance results from a sourced video program instance and itsassociated audio signal that originated as a digital video programinstance received in DHCT 16 via a digital video interface or acommunication interface such as IDE, SCSI, USB, IEEE-1394 or Ethernet,wherein such digital video program instance resided in a storage deviceexternally connected to DHCT 16 such as a DVD player or an internal orexternal storage device.

There is a duration associated with the TSB 378, which represents howmuch data is held by the TSB 378. This duration could represent, in oneembodiment, actual media content instance time. The PVR application 377,in a time-duration embodiment, will preferably maintain a substantiallyconstant buffer space capacity suitable for a certain duration of mediacontent instance time, for example, 3-4 hours worth of media contentinstances. Media content instance-time tracking is related to hard diskspace tracking if a constant data rate, or buffering rate, is assumed orestimated. In a preferred embodiment, the duration of the TSB 378represents hard disk space. The PVR application 377 can set a buffersize capacity, for example 3 gigabytes (GB), and then track disk spaceused for the TSB 378 to ensure a substantially constant TSB capacity.For example, before the PVR application 377 effects a write to thestorage device 373, it can query the device driver 311 (through theoperating system 353) to determine the available hard disk space. Afterthe write operation, the PVR application 377 again can poll the devicedriver 311 to get an update on available hard disk space. As will beevident in the description below, the TSB 378 preferably comprises aplurality of clusters, the number of which is normally less than thecapacity of the TSB 378 due to the continual management of the TSB 378through the deletion and replacement of media content instances. Thevariation of the amount of clusters in the TSB 378 at any time willpreferably represent a small percentage of the TSB capacity, resultingin a substantially constant size TSB over time.

The PVR application 377 preferably maintains the TSB 378 by creating amanagement file associated with each tuned media content instance. ThePVR application 377 “knows” at what time the media content instance wastuned into from the recording of a real-time clock value forwarded bythe operating system 353. The PVR application 377 also receives mediacontent instance guide data, for example from an IPG application 397(FIG. 3A), that receives updated media content instance information fromthe head end 11 and that provides start and end times (i.e. duration) ofeach media content instance. With this information and an internal clock(not shown), the PVR application 377 can create a list of managementfiles associated with each buffered media content instance, and storethe duration and start time of each media content instance in memory 352(FIG. 3A) in order to keep track of the media content instances storedin the storage device 373. In other embodiments, the management filescan be stored on the hard disk 300 (FIG. 3B).

FIGS. 4-9 are block diagrams that provide example illustrations of how a3-GB TSB 378 can be managed at the application level. Assume a constantbit rate of 2 mega bits per second (Mbps), which correspondsapproximately to 3 hours worth of media content in the TSB 378. It isunderstood that the 3-GB TSB 378 is a non-limiting example, and otherdurations of buffer hard disk space (or time for a time-durationembodiment) for constant or variable bit rates of different values arewithin the scope of the preferred embodiments. FIG. 4 illustrates thefile allocation and buffer shift as time elapses for a 3-GB (or 3-hr)time shift buffer (TSB) 378 (FIG. 3A). Referring to FIG. 4, fourdifferent completed media content instances (such as a broadcast TVshow) and one media content instance in its beginning stages are storedin the TSB 378 (FIG. 3A) of the storage device 373 (FIG. 3A), andpreferably managed and represented by the PVR application 377 (FIG. 3A)as five management files preferably with a management data structure asdescribed below in association with FIGS. 10A and 10B. In otherembodiments, pointers to the management files may be linked.Alternatively, the management files may not be linked, or may bemaintained in other types of data structures, for example, data baserecords, etc. Each management file includes a unique filename of anassociated media content instance, represented in the figures by thenotation “A/V File x” 401, “A/V File x+1” 402, etc. Each management filealso receives and stores media content instance guide data such asscheduled start and end times of the buffered media content instance.The management files also include a file status indicator 410. The filestatus indicator 410 is configured by the PVR application 377 (FIG. 3A)with a value of “0” for temporary, or “1” for permanently recorded. Thefile status indicator 410 is illustrated as a letter in a small block inthe lower right hand corner of each block in FIG. 4. The letters “T” or“R” indicate whether the media content instance file is configured bythe PVR application 377 (FIG. 3A), through an associated managementfile, as a temporary file or a permanently recorded file, respectively.Although shown as a “T” in each media content instance file, it will beunderstood that the file status indicator 410 is just a graphicalrepresentation of what the PVR application 377 is accomplishing at theassociated management file level. At the top of FIG. 4 is a time line440 demarcating the buffering start and end times of each media contentinstance, and hence the duration of each media content instance file. Atthe bottom portion of FIG. 4 is TSBar 480, which is intended toillustrate a rolling (i.e. time lapsed) 3 GB segment corresponding tothe TSB 378 capacity (that in this example, happens to be 3-hours long).In other words, TSBar 480 depicts a specific, defined amount of diskspace for the capacity of the TSB 378 that effectively advances (via aprocess where clusters are removed and replaced, as described below) asthe time of day progresses. TSBar 480 is shown with a beginning 460 atthe left most end and a live point 430 at the right most end. The livepoint 430 represents the current point in time of buffering mediacontent instances. Live point 430 thus corresponds to the current timeof receipt of buffered media content instances into the TSB 378 of thestorage device 373 under a media content instance file name, such as“A/V file x+4” of media content instance file 405. As illustrated inFIG. 4, the new media content instance started at 9:00, and the currentbuffering location or live point 430 is at 9:15. Thus the new mediacontent instance has been buffering to the TSB 378 under media contentinstance file name “A/V file x+4” of media content instance file 405 foran elapsed time of 15 minutes. All of the buffered media contentinstances are initially designated by PVR application 377 as temporary,as indicated by the “T” in the file status indicator 410.

FIG. 5 represents the current time at 9:30, as indicated by live point430. The beginning 460 of the TSBar 480 has shifted as time elapsed andwill soon be greater than the start time for the 6:30 media contentinstance represented by “A/V file x” 401 (FIG. 4). In other words, sincethe capacity of the TSB 378 would be about to be exceeded, the PVRapplication 377 (FIG. 3A) will act to maintain the TSB capacity (of3-GB) as substantially constant. As described earlier, the PVRapplication 377 maintains a substantially constant TSB capacity bydeleting the earliest “temporary” media content instance filecorresponding to the earliest media content instance buffered into thestorage device 373. Because the “A/V file x” 401 has an associatedmanagement file “flagged” as temporary, “A/V file x” 401 is now deleted.As noted above, “deleting” preferably includes designating theassociated clusters as writeable, or available, in a FAT and removingthe management file, or record, from the data structure maintained bythe PVR application 377. That is, the management file, with itscorresponding filename and data, for the deleted media content instancestored in the TSB 378 of the storage device hard disk 300 (FIG. 3A), iscleared from memory, so that, in one implementation, the PVR application377 is prevented from gaining access to the management file again.

FIG. 6 represents a live point 430 of 10:00. At this point, the 9:00media content instance is over and its corresponding file, “A/V filex+4” 405, is closed. A new “A/V file x+5” 406 is created for the 10:00media content instance as well as an associated management file in thedata structure maintained by the PVR application 377. Shortly after thelive point 430 at 10:00, the TSB capacity will be exceeded. Thus, thePVR application 377 looks for the earliest management file designated astemporary. Because “A/V file x+1” 402 has an associated management filedesignated (or “flagged”) as temporary, “A/V file x+1” 402 is nowdeleted, as discussed above.

FIG. 7 depicts a live point 430 of 10:15. At this time, the user has,for example, decided to permanently record the 7:30 media contentinstance corresponding to “A/V file x+2” 403. Consequently, “A/V filex+2” 403 is designated by the PVR application 377 throughout themanagement data structure as permanently recorded, as indicated by the“R” in the file status indicator 410, which effectively removes theclusters storing the media content instance, represented by file “A/Vfile x+2” 403, from the TSB 378. FIG. 8 represents a live point 430 of10:30. At this point, the 10:00 media content instance stored in thestorage device 373 under filename “A/V file x+5” is over and “A/V filex+5” 406 is closed. A new file, “A/V file x+6” 407, is created forrepresenting the 10:30 media content instance, and a new associatedmanagement file is created also. Shortly after this point, the beginning460 of the TSBar 480 has “shifted” beyond the start time for the 7:30media content instance written under filename “A/V file x+2”. However,the file “A/V file x+2” 403 has an associated management file “flagged”as permanently recorded, and consequently, “A/V file x+2” 403 is notdeleted by the PVR application 377 (FIG. 3A). In fact, because the PVRapplication 377 is tracking disk space, the capacity of the TSB 378 willnot have been exceeded because the A/V file 403 had an associatedmanagement file that was designated by the PVR application aspermanently recorded (and thus the corresponding media content instancewill be stored in clusters outside of the TSB 378). Note that the blockdiagrams depicted in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 are not intended to show that themedia content instance corresponding to “A/V File x+2” 403, the mediacontent instance now permanently recorded, is a part of the TSB 378.Instead, the reason for its depiction over TSBar 480 is to illustratethat “A/V File x+2” 403 and its associated content still exists but thecontent is removed from the TSB 378 and the file is managed by the PVRapplication 377 as a permanent recording).

FIG. 9 represents a live point of 11:00. At this point, the hour-long10:30 media content instance is still buffering into the storage device373 under filename “A/V file x+6”. Also shortly after at this point, thebeginning 460 of the TSBar 480 has “shifted” to a point in time that isgreater than the start time for the 8:00 media content instance storedon the hard disk 300 under filename “A/V file x+3” for A/V file 404(FIG. 8). This shift represents the fact that the TSB capacity of 3 GBis about to be exceeded. The PVR application 377 searches its managementdata structure to identify the earliest media content instance filedesignated as temporary. Since this media content instance (A/V file404) is represented by the earliest management file marked temporary, itis now deleted, along with the associated management file. “A/V filex+2” 403, configured as permanently recorded via its associatedmanagement file, continues to exist (as does its associated managementfile).

FIGS. 10A and 10B are programming diagrams of example softwareprogramming code in conventional “C” computer language illustrating theapplication-level management audio/videofiles representing each mediacontent instance received into the TSB 378. As discussed above, themanagement file structure is a linked list maintained by the PVRapplication 377 (FIG. 3A). Alternatively, among others, the managementfile structure can be a linked list in a table, similar to a computerspread sheet software program, records in a database, etc. Each mediacontent instance received into the TSB 378 causes the PVR application377 to create a link, or node, in a list of nodes representing theplurality of media content instances downloaded to the hard disk 300 ofthe storage device 373 (FIG. 3A). Each node is thus a management filecorresponding to each received media content instance. Each node, or“tsbNode”, is defined by the entire software programming structure ofFIG. 10B. As noted, each “tsbNode” includes characterizing data for thatmedia content instance (i.e. the characterizing data for each mediacontent instance includes the data represented by the entire programmingstructure, “avFileData”, in FIG. 10A), and “instructions” for the PVRapplication 377 to follow to traverse the list, such as a pointer to thenext “tsbNode” (FIG. 10B) and a pointer to the previous “tsbNode” (FIG.10B). The characterizing data for each media content instance isrepresented by the structure shown in FIG. 10A. This data is stored inDRAM 352, or alternatively, can be stored in the storage device 373. Thebrackets shown in the example programming structure of FIG. 10A providea mechanism to group all of the elements of the “avFileData” together.Thus, “avFileData” comprises, in one implementation, four elements thatinclude a media content instance filename, media content instance guidedata, status indicator, and start time. Line 1092 illustrates that thePVR application 377 provides a filename for the newly created A/V file,or media content instance file. The PVR application 377 will cause thereceived media content instance to be written into the storage device373 buffer space (i.e. TSB 378) under a given media content instancefile name, for example, “A/V file x”. Line 1094 illustrates that the PVRapplication 377 receives media content instance guide data (for example,IPG data) associated with each media content instance file, including,but not limited to, scheduled start and stop times. This media contentinstance guide data is preferably communicated to the PVR application377 from an IPG data structure in memory 349 or from a remote locationsuch as, for example, the head end 11. Line 1096 illustrates that when amedia content instance file is created for a media content instance, theassociated management file is marked or flagged by the PVR application377 as either temporary (“0”) or permanently recorded (“1”). The defaultsetting is “0” (temporary). When a user requests that at least one ofthe media content instances included in the time shift buffer (TSB) 378becomes permanently recorded, this request is communicated to the PVRapplication 377 and the flag is set to “1”. The PVR application 377 thencauses the media content instance to be allocated in non-buffer space(i.e. the associated clusters are removed from the TSB 378, or rather,re-designated as non-buffer space clusters) in the storage device 373.Line 1098 illustrates that the PVR application 377 keeps track of whenthe media content instance is buffered in order to determine the oldesttemporary media content instance file in the time shift buffer (TSB)378. This is a real-time value provided by the operating system 353 incooperation with real-time clock (not shown) within the DHCT 16. Thisrecording of “startTime” enables the PVR application 377 to delete themanagement file corresponding to the first buffered media contentinstance, resulting in the “removal” or “deletion” (i.e. made writeable)of the earliest, temporarily configured media content instance in theTSB 378 of the storage device 373 to make room for a newly receivedmedia content instance. If a user has not chosen to keep (or“permanently record”) a media content instance, the PVR application 377will automatically “delete” temporary files based on available temporarystorage in the TSB 378, preferably “deleting” the earliest saved filefirst, as described above. Thus, when a new media content instancebegins (e.g. an 8:00 show), the PVR application 377 creates a new“tsbNode” (FIG. 10B) and adds it to the list of “tsbNodes”. Then, thePVR application 377 creates the “avFileData” structure of FIG. 10A. ThePVR application 377 will create a media content instance file name, andassociate the filename with the media content instance guide data forthat “tsbNode”, it will configure the management file as temporary (setto “0”), and will record a start time for buffering the media contentinstance.

FIG. 10B is a block diagram of a non-limiting example of a mechanism forstructuring each linked management file for each media content instancedownloaded to the TSB 378 with executable code in a “C” structure. Asshown, the example programming structure includes programming lines ofdata type “node” (“tsbNode”), with variables “nextNode” and “prevNode”pointing to 32-bit memory addresses indicating where the management fileand corresponding characterizing data for the last node (i.e. managementfile) and the next node is located. The time shift buffer (TSB) 378 maybe represented as a linked list of “tsbNodes” in a data structure in thePVR application 377. Alternatively, this structure may be resident inother locations in memory 349, including but not limited to applicationmemory 370. The media content instance file itself is located by theoperating system 353 (FIG. 3A) through the mechanism of the PVRapplication 377 providing the media content instance file name containedin the “avFilename” element (FIG. 10A, line 1092). The actual play pointwithin the media content instance file can be additional data (notshown) added to the “avFileData” structure of FIG. 10A. Thus, the PVRapplication 377 can track where in the media content instance a userhas, for example, rewound to. The PVR application 377 keeps a pointer tothe current record location in the temporary file and plays back fromthat point when transitioning from, for example, Live TV to a trick mode(e.g. rewind, replay, etc.). When the beginning of a media contentinstance file is reached from a rewind operation, the PVR application377 will rewind to the end of the previous recorded media contentinstance file. At any point in a media content instance the user canselect to “permanently record” the media content instance because thePVR application 377 recognizes any point within a media content instanceas being represented by a particular media content instance file name.The PVR application 377 will then mark management file as permanentlyrecorded instead of temporary and will not automatically delete it orthe associated media content instance file, as discussed above.

FIGS. 11 through 15 are block diagrams that illustrate how PVRapplication 377 management of the TSB 378 effects operations at the harddisk 300 of the storage device 373. FIG. 11 is non-limiting illustrativeexample of the hard disk 300 in storage device 373. The hard disk 300has a finite amount of hard disk drive space. Assume for this example a40 GB hard disk. Also assume that the PVR application 377 will maintaina 3-hour buffer (i.e. a 3-hour TSB 378), which, based on a substantiallyconstant data rate of 2 Mbps at standard quality, equates to a TSB 378of approximately 3 GB. Alternatively, other variable or constant datarates may be used. For example, regardless of the bit rate, the PVRapplication 377 continuously queries the device driver 311 (FIG. 3A) forinformation regarding hard disk space. If the bit rate is fast, the PVRapplication 377 will delete files at a faster rate than if the bit rateis slow. In some embodiments, excessive data rates, such as thoseassociated with high definition TV (HDTV) and quickly consume the TSB378. In such embodiments, the PVR application 377 can determine thequality level from the incoming content stream, or monitor how fast diskspace is being consumed. If the bit rate is excessive, the PVRapplication 377 can cause the content to bypass the TSB 378 and eitherbe permanently recorded, or refused as a download. In other embodiments,such as DHCTs with large enough hard disk drives to handle HDTV,practically any bit rate can be accommodated by the TSB 378.

In this example, eight media content instances, or programs, werewritten to the hard disk until the TSB 378 capacity of 3-GB was reached.TSB 378 is illustrated as broken down into eight triangular pieportions, each portion depicting one or more clusters, such as firstcluster group 44, wherein the clusters are used for storing a downloadedmedia content instances. Each media content instance is represented by amanagement file created and stored by the PVR application 377. Thus,first cluster group 44 comprises segments holding data corresponding toa first buffered media content instance. Thus, TSB 378 is illustratedhere with 8 buffered audio/video (A/V) media content instances, asdepicted by the 8 pie portions. The media content instances written tothe TSB 378 are represented as a group of contiguous cluster groupsapportioned from the free, or available, space 46. The writing of themedia content instances to the hard disk 300 have resulted in areduction of available free space in the amount of 3-GB, resulting in 37GB (40−3) of free space 46. Although shown as contiguous groups ofclusters, it is understood and well known to those of ordinary skill inthe art that a downloaded media content instance can be stored in one ormore clusters that are scattered, or fragmented, throughout theavailable hard disk space as described earlier. The TSB 378 is notnecessarily a pre-designated, physically bounded area of the hard diskspace, but instead represents temporarily un-writeable hard disk space,in this example equating to 3-GB as provided for by the PVR application377. Alternatively, the hard disk space may be physically divided intofree space and buffer space, or alternatively, free space, buffer space,and relatively permanently recorded space. When a new media contentinstance starts, or when the display channel is changed (via selectionby a viewer using a remote control, as one example), a management fileand media content instance file are created by the PVR application 377,as described above. The PVR application 377 causes the media contentinstance to be written into the available hard disk space under themedia content instance file name provided by the PVR application 377. Inone implementation, the PVR application 377 will generate a unique filename, for every media content instance, that may or may not be based onthe name of the media content instance. In the case of being named forthe media content instance, the file name can also comprise (in additionto the information provided for by the “avFileData” structure of FIG.10A) the display channel number, the source of the media contentinstance, or any combination of this information, or more. The PVRapplication 377 also tracks the incoming, deleted, and permanentlyrecorded media content instances in order to add and discard mediacontent instances from the TSB 378 to maintain the TSB capacity assubstantially constant. The media content instance file name associatedwith the downloaded media content instance is entered into the FATtable, enabling the PVR application 377 to identify a downloaded mediacontent instance with a corresponding file name.

The TSB 378 is dynamic, and acts as a carousel in that the clustersstoring the oldest media content instances are made writeable, and henceremovable, to make room for replacement clusters for storing new mediacontent instances while maintaining the capacity of the TSB 378substantially constant. Thus, media content instances have a temporaryresidence in the TSB 378. For example, cluster group 44 stores the firstmedia content instance received into the TSB 378. Assume that the TSB378 (the capacity of which is provisioned for by PVR application 377) isat or near capacity. Either by channel change, or new media contentinstance start, a cluster group is required to receive the new mediacontent instance into the TSB 378. At the application level, asdescribed earlier, the PVR application 377 deletes the earliesttemporarily management file corresponding to the earliest buffered mediacontent instance, and creates a new management file for the nextdownloaded media content instance. At a lower level of abstraction, thePVR application 377 communicates to the operating system 353, asdescribed earlier, which media content instance file name in the FAT tomake available, or write-able. The FAT is updated by the operatingsystem 353 to configure the cluster group 44 corresponding to that mediacontent instance file name as available, or write-able, and communicatesthis information to the device driver 311. The device driver 311 cancause the driver controller 379 to effect the next write operation overany available clusters in the hard disk space, including one or more ofthe clusters of cluster group 44. This process is dynamic, wherein thePVR application 377 causes the earliest media content instancetemporarily stored in the TSB 378 to be write-able (i.e. its clusterswriteable) to make room for a new downloaded media content instancewhile maintaining a substantially constant TSB capacity. If the newlydownloaded media content instance eventually required more clusters thanwere made available by the deletion of the earliest temporary mediacontent instance file, the PVR application 377 would delete the nextearliest temporary media content instance file, and the correspondingclusters would be made available for eventual writing operations. Thereare at least two additional considerations regarding the aforementionedscheme. The first consideration is for media content instances that theuser requests to be permanently recorded as scheduled permanentrecordings. This user request can be explicit or implicit based onviewing habits. For example, a scheduled permanent recording can beeffected by the user selecting a desired media content instance or oneor more types of media content from a list on a screen display. The typeof media content (e.g. westerns, comedies, action, etc) can be presentedto the user (for selection, or user configurable without apre-configured list), and then a preference filter can seek and effectthe receipt of such content for contemporaneous and/or later viewing. Apreference filter can also be employed that tracks the viewing habits ofone or more users and autonomously selects, for scheduled permanentrecordings, media content instances that match the type of media content(or the specific media content instance—for example, a particular show)the user has historically viewed. The second consideration is forpermanent recordings made out of the TSB 378. In some embodiments, thepreference filter discussed in relation to scheduled permanentrecordings can also be employed to select media content from the TSB 378that match user preferences for automatic or user-confirmed permanentrecordings from the TSB 378.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of the example hard disk 300 illustrating anon-limiting example of a scheduled permanent recording. A scheduledpermanent recording is a recording where preparations are made inadvance of the scheduled media content instance start time. Forinstance, today may be Wednesday, and the viewer knows he or she will beout of town Thursday and unable to watch his or her favorite mediacontent instance that is presented on Thursday. The user may program theDHCT 16 to permanently record the favorite media content instance whenit airs on Thursday. As noted from FIG. 12, scheduled media contentinstances are not received into the TSB 378. That is, the PVRapplication 377 causes the scheduled media content instance to bewritten to free space clusters under a given media content instance filename, but a temporary management file is not created in the PVRapplication 377 for management of the size and/or capacity of the TSB378. The TSB 378 is not directly impacted by the writing of thescheduled media content instance to the hard disk space. Thus, thescheduled permanent recording is effectively stored under a non bufferspace cluster group 48 apportioned out of the free space 46 on the harddisk 300. Alternatively, the hard disk space may be physicallypartitioned into free space, permanently recorded space, and bufferedspace, wherein the scheduled permanent recording would consequently bereceived into a permanent recorded space cluster group. In this example,the scheduled permanent recording requires 3 GB of the 37 GB ofavailable free space 46 (recall from FIG. 11, 40 GB initially less the 3GB for the TSB 378). Thus, after the scheduled permanent recording, 34GB (37−3) of free space 46 is available. This update is communicated bythe device driver 311 to the operating system 353, which can communicatethis status to the PVR application 377.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating how the hard disk space iseffected by the PVR application 377 (FIG. 3A) for permanent recordingsout of the TSB 378. In the preferred embodiment, the user maypermanently record any media content instance temporarily stored in theTSB 378. For example, and continuing with the prior example illustratedin FIG. 12, assume the user is viewing a media content instance,requiring 2-GB of disk space, which is being received in cluster group47 (FIG. 13), and the user decides that he or she likes this mediacontent instance enough to permanently record it. Upon a user request topermanently record the media content instance, the PVR application 377,as described previously, designates the corresponding management file asa permanently recorded file. The PVR application 377 communicates thischange in configuration to the device driver 311 (with the cooperationof the operating system 353), causing the media content instance clustergroup 47 to be designated as non buffer space as illustrated by thehashed lines through cluster group 47 in FIG. 14. Further, the PVRapplication 377, in cooperation with the operating system 353 and devicedriver 311, eventually reallocates a substantially equivalent amount offree space in the form of cluster group 43 as buffer space in the TSB378 to maintain the TSB capacity as relatively constant. Note that byusing the term eventual, or eventually, it will be understood to meanthat clusters are allocated as needed by a write operation effected bythe PVR application 377. Thus, if a media content instance file is madepermanent, there can be several clusters storing the corresponding mediacontent. An immediate replacement cluster is allocated to write contentto the TSB 378, but replacement clusters totaling the clusters lost tothe permanent recording will be allocated on a cluster-by-cluster basisup to the TSB capacity. Continuing, the media content instance will thencontinue to be permanently recorded into the media content instancecluster group 47 designated as non buffer space, or rather, permanentlyrecorded space. The PVR application 377 also “recognizes”, as describedearlier, that the amount of free space has been reduced (40 GB−3 GB−3GB−2 GB 32 GB). As another example, assume that the user desires topermanently record an earlier buffered media content instance, forexample, a media content instance stored under a media content instancefile name corresponding to cluster group 25. The user “returns” orrewinds to anywhere in the selected media content instance (as will bedescribed later) in the TSB 378 and, in one implementation, selects“record” from a remote device 380 or directly on the DHCT 16. Referringto FIG. 15, the cluster group 25 storing the newly permanently recordedmedia content instance is designated as non-buffer space (again asindicated by the hashed lines through cluster group 25), and anequivalent amount of free space 26 to be used as buffer space in the TSB378 is eventually allocated and now available for a write operation inthe TSB 378.

As described earlier, the user preferably permanently records from theTSB 378 by recording a currently viewed media content instance inreal-time or returning to any part of a media content instance in theTSB 378 and selecting record from a remote device 380, or alternatively,from selecting record on the DHCT 16. An example remote control device380 to provide input to the DHCT 16 is illustrated in FIG. 16. Rewind388 and fast-forward 387 buttons enable a user to access buffered mediacontent instances in the TSB 378. Record button 390 enables the user topermanently record any media content instance buffered into the TSB 378,as described below. Pause button 391 enables the user to pause a mediacontent instance, or pause during a search for a particular mediacontent instance. Playback 392 enables the playback of a media contentinstance. “A” 381, “B” 382, and “C” 383 buttons can correspond tocertain application-defined functions that have a corresponding “A”,“B”, or “C” symbol displayed on the user interface. List button 384 isused to invoke various PVR application 377 user interface screens, asdescribed below. Many alternative methods of providing user input may beused including a remote control device with different buttons and/orbutton layouts, a keyboard device, a voice activated device, etc. Theembodiments of the present invention described herein is not limited bythe type of device used to provide user input.

The PVR application 377 provides several different user interfaces thatprovide the user with easy to follow and informative information aboutthe media content instances written to, or about to be written to, thehard disk 300 (FIG. 3A). As described above, the user can schedule apermanent recording in advance or select record on the remote controldevice, among other mechanisms, to initiate permanent recordings fromthe TSB 378 (i.e. manual permanent recordings). When a user decides topermanently record (e.g. from an IPG grid for future permanentrecordings or directly from the TSB 378), a sequence of events occursbefore the permanent recording takes place. These events includeoperations within the DHCT 16 and/or in cooperation with the headend 11(FIG. 2). These events include, among others, checks to ensure the useris authorized to receive the media content instance of interest, andchecks to detect and resolve permanent recording scheduling conflicts.If the user is authorized, and scheduling conflicts are resolved, thehard disk 300 can be checked for enough space to permanently record theentire media content instance. For example, FIG. 17A is an examplescreen display barker that is overlaid on a currently viewed mediacontent instance (not shown) after the permanent recording sequence hasbegun for a scheduled permanent recording. The example screen displaybarker 1700 is prompted when there is not enough space for a singleepisode. As noted by the available free space line 1755, there is only14 minutes of free space available for the user to permanently recordto. This 14 minutes does not include the disk space reserved for the TSB378. This 14-minute calculation is determined like all other free spaceindications. First, the PVR application 377 reserves disk space for theTSB 378, and then accounts for that value before providing an availablefree space amount. For example, if a 40-GB hard disk is used, and 10 GBwas reserved by the PVR application for the TSB 378, 10-GB is subtractedfrom the total available disk space to determine the available freespace for permanent recordings. All permanent recording spaceindications (i.e. available free space) on a displayed screen will startwith, in this example, 30 GB (40−10), regardless of whether there iscontent in the TSB 378 or not. The user is thus presented with aconsistent free space indication, or rather, an available free spaceindication that is independent of the TSB 378, and unaffected by mediacontent downloaded into the TSB. As illustrated in FIG. 17A, the user ispresented with a series of options in order to resolve this full harddisk situation. Note that the available free space indication (for FIGS.17-19) is presented as a time display (e.g. hours and minutes). All ofthe displays herein present an estimated time available for permanentrecordings based on the amount of disk space available (after the TSB isaccounted for) at a defined average bit rate. The PVR application 377(FIG. 3A) provides for a default value for the bit rate which equates tothe average bit rate for most media content instances. In otherembodiments, the bit rate can be estimated, and in other embodiments,the PVR application 377 can use the combination of a default value andan estimated value based on monitoring the disk space consumed fordownloaded media content. Still in other embodiments, the user can bepresented with a screen display that configures the bit rate based on aselectable list of quality settings (e.g. low, medium, or high qualitysettings) that the PVR application can adjust to.

FIG. 17B is an example screen display barker that is overlaid on acurrently viewed media content instance (not shown) after the permanentrecording sequence has begun for a manual permanent recording (i.e.directly from the TSB 378). As illustrated, example screen displaybarker 1710 includes an available free space line 1760 to provide theuser with a consistent indication of available free space, as well as anindication as to the required disk space for the permanent recording.Again, the TSB 378 is not included in the available free space line1760, although as described above, the TSB is reserved and thusaccounted for.

FIG. 18 is a screen diagram of an example confirm recording screendisplay, in accordance with one embodiment. This display 1800 isprompted after authorization and conflict checks have been resolved, andthere is sufficient space on the hard disk 300 for a permanentrecording. As with the example screen display barker 1700, the exampleconfirm recording screen display includes an available free space line1855 that provides the user with a consistent indication of availablefree space. Media content instances buffered to the TSB 378 will have noeffect on the time shown in the available free space line 1855.

Once the permanent recording sequence is put into effect, the user canmaintain the hard disk space through various screen displays. FIG. 19 isa screen diagram of an example recorded program (media content instance)list screen display, in accordance with one embodiment. In the exampledisplay 1900 of FIG. 19, no scheduled or manually permanently recordedmedia content instances are listed. The user can also reach the recordedprograms list screen 1900 by selecting the “List” button 384 on theremote control device 380 (FIG. 16), among other mechanisms for reachingthis screen. Note however that the user is presented with an availablefree space line 1955 that indicates to the user how much hard disk 300(FIG. 3B) free space is available. As the user schedules permanentrecordings or permanently records from the TSB 378, the time listed inthe available free space line decreases, reflecting the usage ofavailable hard disk free space for the permanent recordings. As noted,the user can press the remote button “C” 383 (FIG. 16) corresponding tothe lettered symbol “C” shown at the bottom of the screen display 1900in order to view a list of all scheduled permanent recordings on thehard disk 300. Also, the user can select the “B” button 382 on theremote control device 380 for learning about media content instanceoptions.

The PVR application 377 provides a user interface that assists the userin navigating to, and between, buffered media content instances.Specifically, the user interface provides a display of the user'scurrent position in a buffered media content instance (e.g. TV programor show) relative to the currently viewed time-shifted media contentinstance. The currently viewed, time shifted media content instancelength is represented by a “progress bar” displayed on the bottom of thescreen. Thus, the “progress bar” indicates the media content instancetime boundaries, and is labeled with the media content instanceinformation, as will be described below. FIGS. 20-22 are screen diagramsthat illustrate an example user interface screen display that can bepresented on, for example, a television or other display device. Theseexample screen displays depict a progression through three media contentinstances of a TSB 378, including a short rewind between the beginningof one media content instance and the end of the media content instancebefore it. During rewind of the TSB 378, one or more media contentinstances may be available for playback or permanent recording dependingon the length of time the channel was tuned. FIG. 20 is an examplescreen display of the most recent media content instance after rewinding16 minutes and then pausing. A pause banner 2020 and progress bar 2010are overlaid on top of a display of a media content instance. The mediacontent instance display area is depicted as closely hashed lines 2005.Pause banner 2020 includes pause icon 2021, and time status 2085indicating the location in the buffered media content instance. Currenttime 2087 indicates the current time of day. Title portion 2027indicates the title of the buffered media content instance associatedwith the current progress bar 2010. The progress bar 2010 showsprogression, in terms of buffer space, through a media content instanceas the viewer moves, or navigates, through it. Although depicted as amedia content instance specific indicator, other embodiments arecontemplated, including, but not limited to, indicators of the entiretime shift buffer capacity. Media content instance time 2017 indicatesthe scheduled media content instance start and end time. Bar arrow 2037represents that there are more buffered media content instancesavailable. The bar arrow 2037 suggests that these other buffered mediacontent instances can be accessed by, for example, rewinding to them.First portion 2047 (depicted with hash lines) indicates the amount ofthe current media content instance that is buffered (i.e. written to theTSB 378, FIG. 3A). Thus, first portion 2047 provides the user with anindication as to what portion of the current media content instance isavailable for rewinding and fast-forwarding. Second portion 2057(indicated with reverse hash lines) indicates that the media contentinstance is not over, as indicated also by the current time 2087 in themedia content instance (i.e. 9:58 pm). For example, the user has rewoundfor 16 minutes. From the current time 2087, that places the status arrow2070 at 9:58 minus 16 minutes, or at 9:42 within the buffered mediacontent instance Spin City, which is reflected by time status 2085. Inother words, if the user had entered into the room at 9:42, the screendisplay would show the same media content instance “snap-shot” as itdoes now. If the user wants to permanently record, the user preferablyselects the record button 390 on the remote device 380 (FIG. 16).

The next example screen display, as depicted in FIG. 21, is of a displayof a media content instance buffered into the TSB 377 before the mostrecent one (FIG. 20) and after rewinding it 30 minutes or the wholemedia content instance length. As noted by title portion 2027 and statusarrow 2070 and time status 2085, the user has rewound to approximatelythe beginning of The Drew Carey Show. The first portion 2047 indicatesthat the entire show was buffered into the TSB 378. Bar arrows 2037 oneach end of the progress bar 2010 suggest to the user that there arebuffered media content instances accessible before and after The DrewCarey Show. Note current time 2087 of 10:32 PM, further illustrating theability of the PVR application 377 to access and permanently recordbuffered media content instances. To permanently record, the userpreferably selects the record button 390 on the remote control device380 (FIG. 16) at any point within the Drew Carey Show. Alternatively,the user can select the record button 390 while the media contentinstance is paused.

The next example screen display depicted in FIG. 22 is of the display ofa media content instance just before the media content instance displayshown in FIG. 21. No rewinding of this media content instance hasoccurred yet, as indicated by status arrow 2070 and the time status2085. As noted by the title portion 2027, this buffered media contentinstance is Who Wants To Be A Millionaire. Note that the progress bar2010 shows only one bar arrow 2037 on the right hand side, illustratingthe fact that there are no other media content instances buffered in theTSB 378 before Who Wants To Be A Millionaire. Also note that unavailableportion 2097 indicates the amount of the media content instance that isunavailable to permanently record or view. It would be unavailable, forexample, if the channel with this media content instance were not tunedduring this time. Again, to permanently record, the user preferablyselects the record button 390 on the remote control device 380 (FIG. 16)during any point in Who Wants To Be A Millionaire.

As an alternative to rewinding to the media content instance in the TSB378 desired for permanent recording, a user interface screen may bepresented that lists the media content instances currently in the TSB378, with a mechanism to select which of these media content instancesthe user desires to permanently record (i.e. make permanent, not part ofthe TSB 378). The list of media content instances can be ascertainedfrom the media content instance guide data.

The PVR application 377 may be implemented to manage and maintain asubstantially constant buffer space capacity (and in a large enoughbuffer space, a substantially constant buffer space) in the storagedevice 373, or in any memory-type device, such as RAM, DRAM, or relatedmemory. Further, the scope of the preferred embodiment is not meant tobe limited to downloads of content through cache transfers between thestorage device 373 and system memory 349, but may include directdownloads to system memory 349 alone, or to the storage device 373alone.

The PVR application 377 can be implemented in hardware, software,firmware, or a combination thereof. In the preferred embodiment(s), thePVR application 377 is implemented in software or firmware that isstored in a memory and that is executed by a suitable instructionexecution system. If implemented in hardware, as in an alternativeembodiment, the PVR application 377 may be implemented with any or acombination of the following technologies, which are all well known inthe art: a discrete logic circuit(s) having logic gates for implementinglogic functions upon data signals, an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC) having appropriate combinational logic gates, aprogrammable gate array(s) (PGA), a field programmable gate array(FPGA), etc.

The PVR application 377, which comprises an ordered listing ofexecutable instructions for implementing logical functions, can beembodied in any computer-readable medium for use by or in connectionwith an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as acomputer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system thatcan fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system,apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context ofthis document, a “computer-readable medium” can be any means that cancontain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for useby or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, ordevice. The computer readable medium can be, for example but not limitedto, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, orsemiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. Morespecific examples (a nonexhaustive list) of the computer-readable mediumwould include the following: an electrical connection (electronic)having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), arandom access memory (RAM) (electronic), a read-only memory (ROM)(electronic), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flashmemory) (electronic), an optical fiber (optical), and a portable compactdisc read-only memory (CDROM) (optical). Note that the computer-readablemedium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which theprogram is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, viafor instance optical scanning of the paper or other medium, thencompiled, interpreted or otherwise processed in a suitable manner ifnecessary, and then stored in a computer memory.

It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of thepresent invention, particularly, any “preferred embodiments” are merelypossible examples of implementations, merely setting forth a clearunderstanding of the principles of the inventions. Many variations andmodifications may be made to the above-described embodiments of theinvention without departing substantially from the spirit of theprinciples of the invention. All such modifications and variations areintended to be included herein within the scope of the disclosure andpresent invention and protected by the following claims.

1. A system for managing the storage of media content instances storedin a media client device, comprising: at least one component includinglogic for receiving and processing successive portions of media contentinstances; a storage device for storing received media content instancesas media content instance files, each said respective media contentinstance file corresponding to a received media content instance, saidstorage device including a first buffer and a second buffer; and aprocessor configured with logic for: determining available storage spacein the storage device for storing media content instances; and providinginformation indicating the available storage space, such that anindication in the provided information is independent of the size of thefirst buffer.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein determining availablestorage space for storing media content corresponds to determiningavailable storage space in the second buffer.
 3. The system of claim 1,wherein the provided information is a visual indication of availablestorage space.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor isfurther configured with logic to configure the respective sizes of thefirst buffer and second buffer.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein thefirst and second buffers correspond respectively for storage of firstand second designations of media content instances.
 6. The system ofclaim 5, wherein the processor is further configured with logic fordesignating the second designation to a first storage media instancefile designated with the first designation, wherein the storage deviceincludes the first storage media instance file.
 7. The system of claim5, wherein the second designation of media content instances correspondto a permanent recording operation.
 8. The system of claim 6, whereinthe designating of the second designation to the first storage mediainstance file is responsive to input from a user of the client mediadevice.
 9. A method for managing storage of media content instances in amedia device, comprising the steps of: storing received media contentinstances in the media device, wherein the media device includes a firstbuffer and a second buffer for storing received media content instances;determining available storage space in the media device for storingmedia content instances, wherein the determined available storage spaceis independent of the size of the first buffer; and providing visualinformation corresponding to the available storage space.
 10. The methodof claim 9, wherein the first buffer corresponds to a time shift buffer.11. The method of claim 10, wherein the second buffer corresponds to thestorage of media content instances designated as permanent recordings.12. The method of claim 11, wherein the determined available storagespace for storing media content corresponds to available storage spacein the second buffer.
 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising thesteps of: deleting a first media content instances in the first buffer,and providing a second visual information corresponding to the availablestorage space after the deletion of the first media content instance,wherein the available storage space corresponding to the second visualinformation also corresponds to the available storage space prior to thedeletion of the first media content instance.
 14. The method of claim13, wherein the determined available storage space for storing mediacontent corresponds to available storage space in the second buffer. 15.The method of claim 11, wherein the first buffer corresponds to thestorage of media content instances designated as buffered media contentinstances.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising the steps of:providing a first visual information corresponding to the availablestorage space after changing the designation of a first media contentinstance in the first buffer to a permanent designation, where theavailable storage space corresponding to the provided first visualinformation equal the available storage space corresponding to visualinformation prior to the designation of the first media content.
 17. Amethod for managing storage of media content instances in a mediadevice, comprising: receiving media content instances in the mediadevice, said media device including a first buffer and a second bufferfor storing received media content instances, wherein the first bufferis designated for storing buffered media content instances and thesecond buffer is designated for storing permanent media contentinstances; providing visual information corresponding to availablestorage space in the media device for storing media content instances,wherein the provided visual information is independent of the size ofthe first buffer,
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the storage ofsuccessive portions of received media content instances in first orsecond buffers is structured according to storage units, wherein eachstorage unit respectively comprises the same number of plural basicstorage units that are physically contiguous.
 19. The method of claim17, further comprising the step of storing and transferring in a thirdbuffer of the media device the successive portions of each respectivemedia content instance being received in the media device, said thirdbuffer different than the first and second buffers.
 20. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the provided visual information corresponds toavailable storage space in the second buffer.